The Intellecta International Journal of Research and Innovation

This study is an exploration of preclinical ef icacy and safety of Curcumin compared with conventional anti-inflammatory medication in the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) as a natural replacement. The models applied in Wistar rats were Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) and Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis (AIA) after which the ef ects of Curcumin (200 mg/kg) were compared to Indomethacin (10 mg/kg). The measurement of parameters was done over 28 days: paw volume, arthritis score, body weight, and pain threshold with biochemical and histopathological parameters assessments. The ef ect of curcumin therapy on the treatment of arthritis showed a strong decrease in swelling, pain, inflammation of the joints, and the restoration of joint architecture and functions. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant ef ects were supported by serum cytokines (TNF- a, IL-1 b, IL-6) and markers of oxidative stress (MDA, GSH, and SOD). The histopathological analysis showed that the cartilage, as well as inflammatory infiltration, was preserved in the Curcumin-treated joints with minimal inflammatory infiltration. Notably, Curcumin did not exhibit any form of hepatic or gastrointestinal toxicity as opposed to the side ef ects of the normal NSAIDs. Altogether, Curcumin proved to be a powerful therapy with the ability to reduce RA symptoms, support functional performance, and increase the level of well-being. These findings aid the applicability of Curcumin as an adjunct/alternative and safe natural agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

In general, studies of intrusion detection report only one accuracy or F1 score calculated on the entire test set. Since TCP, UDP and ICMP toxicate attack traf ic in very dif erent ratios, an average such a figure overprofiles problems of varying dif iculty and may mask a detector that collapses on a complete protocol. We introduce a protocol-aware anomaly detector, based on the Linformer, a variation of transformer that scales its attention cost linearly with the input length, and we rank it on each protocol on two benchmark corpora. On NSL-KDD (148,517 records) and UNSW-NB15 (215,757 records after protocol filtering), six experiments are done on a fully crossed design comparing the Linformer with a Decision Tree and a random forest that has 72,856 held-out records. On NSL-KDD the Linformer reached an accuracy of 0.9823, an F1-score of 0.9816 and an AUC-ROC of 0.9987; on UNSW-NB15 the corresponding values were 0.9231, 0.9344 and 0.9832. Breaking down the results according to protocol revealed a bug that the cumulative figures disguised: only 3.61 percent of the ICMP attacks were identified by the Random Forest, which has a cumulative accuracy of 0.8784 on NSL-KDD, compared to 99.30 percent by the Linformer. The protocol subsets (among five that are assessable) F1 increased with attack prevalence (Pearson = 0.7773), indicating that a direct solution is per-protocol threshold calibration. Extrapolating the measured error rates onto the prevalence values determined that accuracy reduces to 0.3415 at 1% attack traf ic, indicating the detector should not be used as a blocker, despite the fact that at 0.9793, the prevalence matches the benchmark prevalence criterion.

Sustainable entrepreneurship has become more important in academics and industry among rising global issues like climate change, resource depletion, and changing consumer preferences. Emphasising important topics such globalisation, technological advancements, and corporate social responsibility (CSR), this bibliometric analysis tries to investigate international research trends in sustainable entrepreneurship. This study examines three hundred peer-reviewed papers from well-known databases in order to find clear patterns in subject clusters, citation dynamics, and publication growth. The results show that encouraging sustainability in business depends on technology innovation—especially in sectors like artificial intelligence and blockchain—which is particularly lacking in others. Moreover, Globalisation has compelled firms to integrate sustainable practices into their supply chains, therefore augmenting their competitiveness and ensuring regulatory compliance. The increasing focus on CSR and stakeholder engagement underscores the need of aligning company goals with social and environmental limitations. This report of ers essential insights into emerging trends that will influence the trajectory of sustainable entrepreneurship, presenting opportunities for innovation and enduring value creation.